银

After the desert turns green, harder work begins_我的网站

一 |     

    Shi Jianyang (L) and his grandfather check the growth of crops on a farmland near a forest area along the Maowusu Desert in northwest China's Shaanxi Province in 2026.(Xinhua)A drone sweeps above the pine forest, sending images of the woods to a screen below. Under the trees stands Shi Jianyang whose grandfather and hundreds of villagers came 40 years ago with shovels and saplings to stop advancing sand.
At 29, Shi belongs to a new generation of desert-control workers equipped with drones, machines and remote irrigation systems. An earth auger can now do in a day what once required about 200 laborers, while a single phone can control drip irrigation across more than 1,000 mu (about 66.67 hectares) of woodland.
For the older Shi's generation, the challenge was getting trees to survive in moving dunes. For the grandson, it is figuring out how to make those forests healthier and more resilient for decades to come.
Their story captures a broader shift in desert control along the southern edge of the Maowusu Desert in northwest China's Shaanxi Province: turning shifting sand into forest was only the beginning.
In 1986, Shi Guangyin, Shi Jianyang's grandfather, led more than 300 villagers into Langwosha, a sandy area in Dingbian County in Yulin City. He had raised 60,000 yuan (about 17,377 U.S. dollars at the time) by selling his family's 84 sheep and borrowing from relatives and banks to contract 3,500 mu of barren sandy land.
The early setbacks were severe. Strong winds destroyed about 90 percent of the saplings in the first year, and about 80 percent of those planted the following year failed to survive.
After seeking advice from forestry experts, Shi and the villagers laid out checkerboard-shaped barriers on windward slopes to hold the sand in place, then planted trees, shrubs and grasses within them. Sapling survival rates rose to about 80 percent.
Over the next four decades, Shi and those working alongside him treated 250,000 mu of sandy and saline-alkali land, with more than 53 million trees and shrubs taking root.
Greening the Maowusu Desert is part of a much larger national undertaking. It is one of the three major battlefronts of China's Three-North Shelterbelt Forest Program, a decades-long effort to curb desertification across northern China.
China has made desertification control a national ecological priority. Since 2023, the country has stepped up efforts under the program, with greater emphasis on systematic restoration and on consolidating earlier gains.
Decades after the first trees took root, a new challenge emerged. Poplars planted decades ago for their rapid growth began reaching the end of their life cycle, with large numbers of trees dying, while forests dominated by a single species were more vulnerable to pests and disease.
Making a forest was one challenge. Keeping it healthy for another generation is another.
Shi Jianyang grew up watching his grandfather and father work to hold back the sand. His father, Shi Zhanjun, spent years planting trees alongside Shi Guangyin before dying in a road accident in 2008 while transporting saplings.
As a boy, Shi Jianyang sometimes resented the work that had taken his father. He spent summer holidays in makeshift tents in the sandy land, eating meals gritty with sand. During planting season, his father would return home with painful blisters in his mouth.
Yet he eventually chose forestry himself.
After studying forestry technology in university, Shi returned home in 2020 and began working in desert control. His team, initially made up of just seven or eight young locals, later brought in university graduates with expertise in soil science, landscaping and pest control.
The younger generation faced a different question: not simply how to make trees survive, but how to make a forest last.
Shi and his team spent more than 40 days in a 5,000-mu woodland setting up sample plots, measuring rainfall, studying soil microorganisms and tracking tree lodging. They proposed renewing aging forests with better-planned forest structures and expanded the planting of Mongolian pine, a long-lived evergreen species that had been successfully tested locally.
To date, about 50,000 mu of land has been planted with Mongolian pine. As some trees fail to survive and require replacement in subsequent planting seasons, the cumulative area of planting operations has reached about 65,000 mu.
Technology has also changed daily work. Drones patrol forests from the air, mechanized equipment dig planting pits, and irrigation can be managed remotely. Sapling survival rates, which Shi Guangyin's generation had raised to about 80 percent through improved sand-control and planting methods, have climbed further to about 92 percent with greater mechanization and more precise management.
Shi said the changes can be felt on the ground. Strong sandstorms have become rare, winds are weaker inside the forest, and the ground stays moist longer after rain. Summer days beneath the trees also feel cooler, while morning dew appears more often. The changes lead him to rethink desert control.
His approach also reflects a broader effort in China's desert regions to link ecological restoration with local livelihoods, giving communities a stronger economic stake in protecting restored land.
With his grandfather's support, Shi and his team have been looking for ways to make better use of the restored land as ecological conditions improve. They have developed potato seedlings suited to sandy soil, promoted greenhouse farming, and set up a livestock cooperative, while increasingly growing potatoes, watermelons and peppers on land once prone to losing water and nutrients.
Shi has also turned to livestreaming e-commerce to market potatoes and other local farm produce, while developing forest-based health and leisure projects. More than 2,000 local residents have seen their incomes rise steadily as farming, livestock breeding and other businesses have developed.
"We used to fear the sand and keep away from it. Now we understand it and know how to make use of it," Shi Guangyin said. "Today, there are opportunities to make a living everywhere in this sandy land."
Across Yulin, forest coverage has risen from 1.8 percent in 1949 to 34.8 percent, while shifting dunes that once encroached on villages have been brought under control.
For Shi Jianyang, however, the green landscape is not proof that the work is finished. "Planting a tree is not difficult," he said. "The difficult part is looking after it for decades."
The grandfather generation learned how to stop the sand. The young generation is learning how to make what grew there last.
    Shi Jianyang (R) and his grandfather check tree growth in a forest area in Dingbian County in Yulin City, northwest China's Shaanxi Province in 2026. (Xinhua)
。    BioNTech是德国一家生物技术公司，主要业务为开发和生产针对特定患者的治疗严重疾病的有效免疫疗法。在新冠疫情暴发之前，BioNTech一直在研究mRNA癌症疫苗。但在疫情全球蔓延之后，该公司转而研发新冠疫苗。在新冠疫情期间，辉瑞公司与百欧恩泰公司联合开发的mRNA疫苗是美国食品和药物管理部门批准的第一个新冠肺炎疫苗。

二 | 当时，该疫苗显示出了91%的有效性，此后被证明能够减少因新冠肺炎导致的住院和死亡人数。此外，Moderna的mRNA新冠疫苗也经美国药品监督管理局FDA批准获得紧急使用授权，直接推动mRNA疫苗成为全球关注热点，2021年度《麻省理工科技评论》“全球十大突破性技术”名单之首即为mRNA疫苗。

三 | 在那之后，诸多药企入局，希望将mRNA疫苗的适应证范围扩展到其他感染性疾病、肿瘤等领域。

四 | 科学家们称，这场大流行病可能造成的影响之一就是加速癌症疫苗的发明。

五 | 据BioNTech官网，该公司现在有几种癌症疫苗处于临床试验阶段。

六 | 其拥有超过30个产品管线，肿瘤相关的约15个，其正在开发针对直肠癌、黑色素瘤和其他癌症类型的治疗方法。吴沙忻表示，辉瑞和BioNTech成功研发出新冠疫苗，也推动了该公司在研发癌症疫苗方面的工作。有业内人士表示，在大的分类上，肿瘤疫苗可区分为预防性肿瘤疫苗和治疗性肿瘤疫苗。其中，最为典型和广为人熟知的预防性肿瘤疫苗即为HPV疫苗，预防宫颈癌发生。但作为治疗疫苗，mRNA癌症疫苗研发难度仍然较大。疫苗专家陶黎纳表示，与通过较弱版本病毒制造出的传统疫苗不同，mRNA技术只使用病毒的遗传密码。当mRNA进入人体时，它也会进入细胞，令其制造相关抗原。因此，mRNA疫苗在疫苗作用机制上并无突破，就是刺激免疫系统的强度大了不少，是否能成就癌症疫苗的招牌，有待实践检验。

七 | 此外，因为构成肿瘤的癌细胞中可能含有多种不同的蛋白质，使得制造针对所有癌细胞而不针对健康组织的疫苗变得极其困难。“疫苗的免疫机制是利用免疫系统针对异己的免疫反应。免疫系统也有针对叛变的自己——癌细胞的免疫机制，但和针对异己的不一样。所以，以建立在针对异己机制上的疫苗原理，去研发针对自己细胞的癌症疫苗，存在机制上的限制，难度大在这里。” 陶黎纳进一步解释道。对于疫苗上市的时间以及是否有效等问题，北京商报记者联系了BioNTech方面，但截至发稿还未收到回复。不过BioNTech对此持谨慎态度。

八 | 蒂雷吉表示，作为科学家，不能轻言“治愈”癌症，但目前已经取得了许多突破。

九 | 事实上，此前已有企业在布局癌症疫苗。2010年4月，FDA批准第一款治疗性疫苗Provenge，用于治疗前列腺癌。但Provenge并未带来颠覆性的疗效。临床试验结果显示，比起对照组，Provenge仅将患者的总体生存期延长4.1个月。但Provenge的销量未达预期，其研发公司Dendreon也以破产告终。

十 | 因为Provenge疗效一般，但价格昂贵。

十一 | Provenge属于自体细胞免疫疗法，需使用患者自身的免疫细胞制造，成本较高，每疗程价格高达9.3万美元。而同样治疗前列腺癌的阿比特龙和恩杂鲁胺分别在2011年和2012年上市，价格仅为Provenge的一半。值得注意的是，除了BioNTech，在mRNA药物治疗领域，Moderna、默沙东、葛兰素史克、斯微生物、艾博生物等企业均有布局。截至2022年3月31日，全球mRNA药物进入临床管线的共有56个，研发主要集中在疫苗领域。智慧芽全球新药情报库Pharmsnap数据平台显示，BioNTech和Moderna是走在前沿的两家企业，结直肠癌、黑色素瘤等在研适应症均处于临床2期。据报道，10月中旬，Moderna宣布与国际药企默沙东合作，将联合开发并销售一种个性化精准治疗癌症疫苗，推动Moderna的mRNA技术与默沙东PD-1肿瘤疗法Keytruda（K药）联用，探索治疗高危黑色素瘤患者。根据协议，默沙东将向Moderna支付2.5亿美元。

Current article:http://s564b.bomanglangsugangunxileba.cyou/ur7j/20260826/55659.html

Published on:04:45:25